Gramophone, Film, TypewriterToward the end of the nineteenth century, the hegemony of the printed word was shattered by the arrival of new media technologies that offered novel ways of communicating and storing data. Previously, writing had operated by way of symbolic mediationall data had to pass through the needle's eye of the written signifierbut phonography, photography, and cinematography stored physical effects of the real in the shape of sound waves and light. The entire