The Science of Vocal PedagogyDrawing upon the sciences of acoustics, linguistics, and physiology, D. Ralph Appelman advances a system of teaching voice based on the International Phonetic Alphabet. His premises are that vocal pedagogy requires an understanding of physiological and physical processes; that the singer and the voice teacher need pedagogical tools to link this scientific knowledge with the art of vocalization; that the word in the art song provides such a tool, for