Reform or Repression: Organizing America's Anti-Union MovementHistorians have characterized the open shop movement of the early twentieth century as a cynical attempt by business to undercut the labor movement by twisting the American ideals of independence and self sufficiency to their own ends. The precursors to today's right to work movement, advocates of the open shop in the Progressive Era argued that honest workers should have the right to choose whether or not to join a union free from all pressure. At