Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth CenturyThe first history of Traditionalism, an important yet surprisingly little known twentieth century anti modern movement. Comprising a number of often secret but sometimes very influential religious groups in the West and in the Islamic world, it affected mainstream and radical politics in Europe and the development of the field of religious studies in the United States. In the nineteenth century, at a time when progressive intellectuals had lost faith