From Francophonie to World Literature in FrenchIn 2007 the French newspaper Le Monde published a manifesto titled Toward a World Literature in French, signed by forty four writers, many from Frances former colonies. Proclaiming that the francophone label encompassed people who had little in common besides the fact that they all spoke French, the manifestos proponents, the so called francophone writers themselves, sought to energize a battle cry against the discriminatory effects and prescriptive