Hard Times in the Marvelous City: From Dictatorship to Democracy in the Favelas of Rio de JaneiroBeginning in the late 1970s, activists from the favelas of Rio de Janeiro challenged the conditions such as limited access to security, sanitation, public education, and formal employment that separated favela residents from Rio's other citizens. The activists built a movement that helped to push the nation toward redemocratization. They joined with political allies in an effort to institute an ambitious slate of municipal reforms. Those measures