Philanthropic Discourse in Anglo-American Literature, 1850-1920From the mid 19th century until the rise of the modern welfare state in the early 20th century, Anglo American philanthropic giving gained an unprecedented measure of cultural authority as it changed in kind and degree. Civil society took on the responsibility for confronting the adverse effects of industrialism, and transnational discussions of poverty, urbanization, women's work, and sympathy provided a means of understanding and debating social