Jewish Martyrs in the Pagan and Christian WorldsSpanning the Hellenistic period to the high Middle Ages, this history of Jewish martyrdom challenges the general consensus that martyrdom was an original Hellenisitic Jewish idea. Instead, Jews like Philo and Josephus internalized the idealized Roman concept of voluntary death and presented it as an old Jewish practice. While martyrs and martyrologies intended to show how Judaisim differed from Christianity, they, in fact, reveal a common mindset.